OK. A waste gate is acts like a door. When the pressure in the exhaust pressure in the exhaust manifold reaches a certain point, the wastegate opens releasing the exhaust gas via a little latch like the ones that stock on our cars. This dosen't allow the exhaust gas to spin the the turbo becasue it never reaches the turbo, thus controlling boost. So when the wastegate is closed, the exhaust is entering the turbo, spinning it. When the wastegate is open, the exhaust gas is bypassing the turbo by going into the wastegate opening.
Our stock and external wastegate use springs to regulate boost. The spring is located inside the wastegate. The springs rates determine when the wastegate will open at a certain amount of boost. For example, a 14psi spring will hold boost till 14 psi then open the waste gate and so on. Usually a boost controller is used in conjunction with a waste gate to hold even more boost. When a Boost controller is used, the wastegate will act like a fail safe.
Im not to sure on the adjustable ones this is wat I think. On the adjustable wastegates, like the ones where u adjust the rod, the rod is adjusted so it preloads the spring but at the sametime it dosen't open the wastegate latch in the manifold. By preloading the spring, it will take more boost to compress the spring and open the latch later. Thus allowing you to make more boost.
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